Skiredj Library of Tijani Studies
Gabatarwa
Tijaniyya na daga cikin ṭuruqun Tasawwufi mafi tasiri a duniyar Musulunci, tana da mabiya miliyoyi a fadin Afirka, Gabas ta Tsakiya, Turai, da ma bayan hakan. Hanyar tana danganta asalin ta da waliyyin Maroko kuma malami, Sīdī Aḥmad al-Tijānī (1737–1815), wanda koyarwarsa ta ruhaniya da kebantacciyar hanyar bai wa shiga (initiation) suka gina babbar motsin ruhaniya.
Bayyanar hanyar Tijani tana da alaƙa sosai da wani muhimmin lamari na ruhaniya a rayuwar Shaykh: gamuwa mai sauya al’amura da Annabi Muhammad, inda ya samu izni kai tsaye na shiryar da bil’adama. Wannan lokaci, wanda ya faru a ƙarshen ƙarni na sha takwas, shi ne ya alama haihuwar Tijaniyya a matsayin wata ṭarīqa ta Tasawwufi mai zaman kanta.
An adana tarihin wannan ṭarīqa a cikin majiyoyi na gargajiya, musamman sanannen littafi Jawāhir al-Maʿānī, wanda abokin Shaykh na kut-da-kut, Ali Harazem Berrada, ya rubuta.
Farkon Tafiyar Ruhaniya ta Sīdī Aḥmad al-Tijānī
Kafin bayyanar hanyar Tijaniyya ga jama’a, Sīdī Aḥmad al-Tijānī ya shafe dogon lokaci a cikin tarbiyyar ruhaniya, karatu, da tafiye-tafiye.
A cikin wannan lokaci na ginin kansa, ya nemi ilimi daga malamai da waliyyai a fadin Arewacin Afirka da Sahra. Daga cikin wuraren da ya ziyarta akwai Fez, Tlemcen, da cibiyoyin ruhaniya na yankin Sahra. Bisa ga labarin da Ali Harazem Berrada ya ruwaito, Shaykh ya ɗan yi zaman koyar da wasu tsofaffin ayyukan Tasawwufi, alhali kuma yana ci gaba da horon ruhaniyarsa ta kashin kansa.
A wancan mataki bai riga ya gabatar da kansa a matsayin wanda ya assasa sabuwar hanya ta ruhaniya ba. A maimakon haka, ya kasance cikin tsarkake kai, khalwa (keɓantuwa), da neman ilimin Ubangiji.
Babban Buɗewa a Abu Samghun (1196 AH / 1781 CE)
Muhimmin Lamari na Ruhaniya
Lokacin yanke shawara a tarihin Tijaniyya ya faru ne a ƙauyen Sahra na Abu Samghun, kusa da yankin oases na Tuat, a shekarar 1196 AH (1781 CE).
Bisa ga shaidar da aka rubuta a Jawāhir al-Maʿānī, Annabi Muhammad ya bayyana ga Sīdī Aḥmad al-Tijānī a yanayin farkawa gaba ɗaya, ya ba shi iznin shiryar da bil’adama tare da kafa tubalan hanyar Tijani.
An bayyana wannan lamari da suna “Babban Buɗewa” (al-fath al-kabīr) ga Shaykh.
Har zuwa wannan lokaci, da gangan ya guji ɗaukar matsayin jagoran ruhaniya.XXXXX
Sai dai, bayan karɓar umarnin Annabi, an umarce shi da ya fara shiryar da mutane, kuma ya riƙa isar da koyarwar wannan hanya.
Kafa Awrād (Litanies) na Tijaniyya
A cikin wannan haɗuwa, Annabi ya ayyana muhimman ayyuka na asali na sabuwar hanyar.
Asalin awradin kullum ya ƙunshi:
Istighfar (nema gafara daga Allah)
Salawāt a kan Annabi (roƙon albarka ga Muhammadu)
Daga baya, an ƙara ambaton “lā ilāha illā Allāh” domin cika wannan ibada.
Waɗannan ibadu suka zama tubalin wirdin Tijaniyya, wato babbar ibadar kullum da ake isarwa ga almajiran wannan ṭarīqa.
Umarnin Annabi na Barin Sauran Hanyoyi
Daya daga cikin abubuwan da suka fi bambanta wannan lamari shi ne umarnin da aka ba Shaykh game da dangantakarsa ta ruhi.
Bisa ga ruwayar gargajiya, Annabi ya ce masa:
cewa shi (Annabi) da kansa zai zama jagoransa na ruhi kai tsaye
cewa babu wani shehin Sufi da zai yi iko a kansa
kuma cewa ya ajiye dukkan hanyoyin da ya saba bi a baya.
Tun daga wannan lokaci, Sīdī Aḥmad al-Tijānī ya keɓance kansa gaba ɗaya ga sabuwar hanyar da za ta ɗauki sunansa.
Bayyanar Al’ummar Tijaniyya
Bayan wannan buɗewar ruhi, Shaykh ya fara koyarwa da shiryar da almajirai a fili.
Labarin ikonsa na ruhi ya bazu da sauri a fadin yankin, kuma baƙi suka fara zuwa daga ƙasashe masu nisa suna neman shigarwa (initiation) da shirya. Bisa ga shaidun farko, tawagogi sun rika zuwa daga sassa dabam-dabam na Arewacin Afirka da Sahara.
Yawancin koyarwar da daga baya aka rubuta a cikin Jawāhir al-Maʿānī an isar da su ne a wannan lokaci, lokacin da Shaykh yake furta wa almajiransa basirorin ruhi, umarni, da bayanai.
Tafiya zuwa Fez da Tabbatar da Hanyar
A shekara ta 1213 AH (1798 CE), Sīdī Aḥmad al-Tijānī ya bar yankunan hamada, ya tafi birnin Fez a Maroko.
Wannan tafiya ta nuna sabon mataki a tarihin Tijaniyya.
Fez ba da daɗewa ba ta zama cibiyar ɗariqa, inda Shaykh ya zauna har abada, kuma inda koyarwarsa ta kai ga jama’a masu yawa. A tsawon lokaci, zāwiyar Tijaniyya ta Fez ta bayyana a matsayin zuciyar ruhi ta wannan motsi.
Bisa ga ruwayoyin abokan zamansa, shigowar Shaykh cikin birnin ya haifar da gagarumar ɗumamar ruhi, kuma ya ja masu nema daga ko’ina cikin Maghreb da ma fiye da can.
Tasirin Canji na Sīdī Aḥmad al-Tijānī
Yanayin Ruhaniya na Zamaninsa
Abokan Sīdī Aḥmad al-Tijānī sun siffanta tarukansa a matsayin majalisai masu ban mamaki na ilmi da natsuwa.
Bisa ga shaidar Ali Harazem Berrada, masu halarta kan zauna cikin shiru da girmamawa, suna jira Shaykh ya yi magana. Kasancinsa yana motsa tsoron girmamawa da kuma ƙauna mai zurfi.
Idan ya yi magana, an ce kalmominsa kan bayyana damuwar zukata tun kafin ma a faɗa su. Baƙi da dama sun ruwaito cewa yana amsa tambayoyin da ke cikin ransu alhali ba su yi magana ba.
Waɗannan majalisai suka zama muhimman cibiyoyi na koyarwar ruhi da mu’amalar ilmi.
Sauyawar Zukata
Tasirin Shaykh a kan waɗanda suka zo wajensa ana yawan ambatonsa a cikin tsoffin ruwayoyi.
Mutanen da suka zo dauke da nauyin yanke ƙauna, shakku, ko gwagwarmayar ɗabi’a sau da yawa sukan bar gabansa da sabuwar imani da tsarkakakkiyar fahimta ta ruhi.
Bisa ga ruwayoyin gargajiya, kalma ɗaya ko kallo ɗaya daga Shaykh kan iya tashe yaƙini a cikin zukatan masu nema. Koyarwarsa ta jaddada:
zikrin Allah
dogaro ga rahamar Ubangiji
ƙasƙantar da kai a gaban Mahalicci
da kuma kasancewa cikin faɗakarwar ruhi a koda yaushe.
Hanyarsa ta Tarbiyya
Hanyar tarbiyyar ruhi ta Sīdī Aḥmad al-Tijānī ta haɗa tausayi da zurfin basira game da zuciyar ɗan Adam.
Sau da yawa yakan tunatar da almajiransa cewa ko ƙaramin alheri na gaskiya na iya zama ƙofa zuwa rahamar Allah.
A lokaci guda, yakan yi gargaɗi daga jin kai da kai (self-admiration) da girman kai na ruhi. Idan almajirai sun yi magana game da ayyukan alherinsu, yakan tunasar da su a hankali game da aibu-boyin ɓoyayyun zuciya, ya kuma maida hankalinsu zuwa dogaro ga falalar Allah.
Koyarwarsa ta daidaita halaye biyu na ruhi masu muhimmanci:
tsoron Allah (khawf)
fata ga rahamar Allah (raja).
Ta wannan daidaiton ne yake ƙoƙarin shiryar da masu nema zuwa ikhlasi da tawali’u.
Tushen Ɗabi’a na Hanyar Tijaniyya
Wani muhimmin bangare na koyarwar Shaykh kuma shi ne muhimmancin abota/tafiya tare (companionship) da horon ɗabi’a.
Sau da yawa yakan kawo ayar Alƙur’ani:
“Ka tsare kanka tare da waɗanda suke kiran Ubangijinsu safiya da yamma.” (Alƙur’ani 18:28)
Haka kuma yakan tunatar da almajiransa da hadisin Annabi:
“Mutum yana kan addinin abokinsa na kut-da-kut.”
Saboda haka, ya jaddada muhimmancin kasancewa tare da mutanen kirki da jagororin ruhi.XXXXX
Gadon Zamanin Kafuwar Hanya
Tarihin farko na Tijaniyya ya aza tubalan abin da daga bisani zai zama ɗaya daga cikin mafi tasirin ɗariku na tasawwufi a duniya.
Bayan wafatin Sīdī Aḥmad al-Tijānī a shekara ta 1815, almajiransa da magadansa suka ɗauki hanyar suka yada ta a fadin Arewacin Afirka, kuma daga ƙarshe a dukkanin Yammacin Afirka da ma bayan can.
Ta hanyar ƙoƙarin malamai, waliyyai, da malamai masu koyarwa a ƙarnuka da suka biyo baya, hanyar Tijani ta bazu a nahiyoyi masu yawa tare da kiyaye koyarwar da aka isar a lokacin rayuwar wanda ya assasa ta.
Kammalawa
Bayyanar Tijaniyya na wakiltar ɗaya daga cikin muhimman sauye-sauye mafi girma a tarihin ruhi na Musulunci.
Tun daga buɗewar ruhi (fath) da Sīdī Aḥmad al-Tijānī ya samu a Abu Samghun a ƙarshen ƙarni na sha takwas, hanyar ta bunƙasa ta zama al’adar ruhi ta duniya wadda take taƙaitu a kan ambaton Allah, ƙaunar Annabi, da sauyin ɗabi’a.
A yau Tijaniyya na ci gaba da zaburar da miliyoyin mabiya a fadin duniya, tana kiyaye wani gado da yake haɗa asalinsa da rayuwa mai ban al’ajabi da koyarwar wanda ya assasa ta.
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